Abstract:
For many adolescents, school is an inspiring place where they encounter materials that arouse their inherent joy or curiosity. However, school also inevitably comes along with expectations and requirements from others (e.g., teachers) who demand competencies and knowledge in domains, subjects, or tasks that do not fall within every student’s scope of interest. Secondary education is thus typically characterized by a decline in students’ motivation, especially in the domain of math (e.g., Gaspard et al., 2017; Jacobs et al., 2002; Watt, 2004). Consequently, one of the major challenges for educational practice is to facilitate the conditions “under which people can motivate themselves” (Reeve, 2010, p. 17) to counteract this typical decrease in students’ motivation. Research has the responsibility to identify such conditions and to develop a sound understanding of how they come into effect with respect to students’ motivation. In this regard, previous research has pointed to the important role of the quality of teaching (e.g., Eccles & Roeser, 2015; Pianta & Hamre, 2009; Rakoczy et al., 2008) and identified in particular teachers’ motivational teaching behaviors in the natural classroom setting such as their autonomy support as auspicious tools that lie in the teachers’ hands to support students’ motivation (e.g., Hamre & Pianta, 2010; Reeve et al., 1999; Ryan & Deci, 2020; Stroet et al., 2013; Wentzel, 2009). However, several questions regarding this newly opened intersection between motivational science and research on teaching quality still need thorough consideration. Drawing on well-established theoretical frameworks (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 1985; Eccles et al., 1983; see also Hall & Lindzey, 1957; Vansteenkiste & Mouratidis, 2016; and particularly Pintrich, 2003), this dissertation raised three key substantive questions with regard to current and future research at this intersection: (a) How consistent are motivational teaching behaviors?, (b) What are the antecedents of motivational teaching behaviors?, and (c) What are other external sources that target students’ motivation and tend to accompany motivational teaching behaviors in the educational setting? Within the scope of the current dissertation, certain aspects concerning these questions (namely, the stability of motivation and motivational teaching behaviors, teacher motivation as an antecedent of motivational teaching behaviors, and the joint impacts of motivational teaching behaviors and a relevance intervention during math class) were targeted by conducting three empirical studies.
In the first study (The “situative nature” of competence and value beliefs and the predictive power of autonomy support: A multilevel investigation of repeated observations), the situative nature of students’ motivation as well as its associations with time-consistent and occasion-specific factors of motivational teaching behaviors were investigated. Based on data from a large longitudinal study (Gaspard et al., 2020; Piesch et al., 2020) comprising repeated observations from five consecutive math lessons, multilevel modeling was applied to investigate, first, the stability of students’ motivation and their perceptions of motivational teaching behaviors during math class and, second, the predictive power of time-consistent and occasion-specific factors of motivational teaching behaviors for students’ motivation. The results revealed that both students’ motivation and their perceptions of motivational teaching behaviors fluctuated substantially from lesson to lesson. Furthermore, students’ perceptions of motivational teaching behaviors predicted the situational manifestation of their motivation, whereby time-consistent differences explained more variance than occasion-specific differences over time.
In the second study (The transmission of values from math teachers to their ninth-grade students: Different mechanisms for different value dimensions?), the prospective associations between teachers’ motivation, teachers’ motivational teaching behaviors, and students’ motivation were examined. Using data from the same longitudinal trial as in Study 1 (Gaspard et al., 2020; Piesch et al., 2020), this study investigated teachers’ motivation as an antecedent of their motivational teaching behaviors during class within the scope of the broader so-called value transmission concept. More precisely, in this study, the generalizability of this concept, according to which teachers’ motivation affects students’ motivation through motivational teaching behaviors during class, was examined. The results revealed that several aspects of teachers’ motivation predicted students’ perceptions of their teachers’ motivational teaching behaviors during math class. Expanding upon previous research, different motivation dimensions were transmitted from teachers to their students through different motivational teaching behaviors, and, thus, the findings provided auspicious evidence of a broader generalizability of the value transmission concept. Yet, they also showed the need to differentiate between different value dimensions and the mechanisms through which they are transmitted from teachers to their students.
The third study (Gleiche Wirkung in jedem Klassenzimmer? Moderationseffekte durch motivationale Unterrichtspraktiken am Beispiel einer Nützlichkeitsintervention im Mathematikunterricht und damit einhergehende Herausforderungen [Same effect in every classroom? Treatment by moderator effects of a relevance intervention as a function of motivational teaching practices, and methodological challenges]) addressed the current discussion revolving around the question of “seed” and “soil” (Walton & Yeager, 2020) by investigating the joint effects of motivational teaching behaviors during regular class and a relevance intervention (Brisson et al., 2017; Gaspard, Dicke, Flunger, Brisson, et al., 2015) on students’ motivation. The results indicated that relevance interventions such as the one under investigation might—depending on the motivation dimension of interest—function as boosters of motivational teaching behaviors during class or as compensators for a lack thereof. Furthermore, notwithstanding the large sample size and the high-standard research design, this investigation also laid bare the idea that intervention studies comparable to the one under investigation are confronted with limitations in their statistical power to examine such interaction effects.
The findings of the three empirical studies are discussed with respect to the three key substantive questions that were raised within the scope of the current dissertation regarding the intersection of motivational science and teaching quality. Finally, implications for the theoretical conceptualization of motivation and for the future of this intersection, as well as implications for educational policy and practice are outlined with a particular emphasis on the professional development of teachers and the implementation and scaling of educational interventions.