Abstract:
Proteins, as biological macromolecules, play an important role in biology. Being present in the entire range of organisms, they differ in shape, size, functionality and stability. Changes in the behavior of the protein can lead to serious disorders in the organism. Since a large fraction of proteins in vivo is either entirely surrounded by solution molecules or partly in contact with an aqueous environment, it is of great interest to study the properties of proteins in solution. For biological processes, e. g. enzymatic catalysis, the flexibility and controlled structural change of the protein are important to understand as well. To obtain further insights into the protein dynamics, e. g. based on simulations, the structure of the protein must be known. One common method to obtain high-resolution structural information of proteins is crystallography based on diffraction patterns of protein crystals. The bottleneck within this approach is often the production of high-quality crystals. Insights in the crystallization pathways might resolve some of these problems. In this thesis, the diffusive dynamics of several proteins is investigated with quasi-elastic high resolution neutron spectroscopy. The work performed can be divided into two parts. In the first part, new experimental approaches are developed which enable to access higher energy transfers for neutron backscattering, allowing for a separation of different internal diffusive processes. In addition, approaches to reduce the measurement time by limiting the number of energy transfers investigated or by using advanced analysis methods were developed. This novel framework enables to follow the diffusive kinetics of samples which changes as a function of time. The second part of this thesis investigates different protein systems by systematically changing control parameters such as temperature, protein concentration and salt concentration. The analysis of the data collected benefits from the development of the analysis frameworks. First, the diffusion of proteins in biological systems is investigated by using deuterated lysate as an external crowding agent and analyzing its influence on the diffusive behavior of γ-globulin. Second, a crowding-induced cluster formation is described for ovalbumin solutions. Third, the cluster formation of bovine serum albumin in the presence of trivalent salts is investigated with neutron backscattering and compared with the macroscopic phase behavior. Finally, the crystallization of β-lactoglobulin is investigated in the presence of ZnCl 2 . The crystallization process is followed by small-angle neutron scattering, neutron backscattering and neutron spin-echo spectroscopy. Additionally to the separation of the time-dependent internal and global self-diffusion, the fraction of proteins in the crystal can also be extracted from the backscattering data. Spin-echo measurements allow additionally to obtain information on the time-dependent collective diffusion of the proteins in solution and in the crystal. Summing up, this thesis presents several studies which investigate different protein solutions using state of the art neutron spectroscopy techniques.