Abstract:
Typically, infants quickly develop a sensitivity for socially salient cues such as the
eyes of other individuals. This natural tendency to attend to the eye region and to
initiate eye contact forms the basis for a functional development of empathy and for
socioemotional functioning (e.g., building relationships). Profound deficits in these
affective and interpersonal abilities in combination with pervasive patterns of
antisocial and deviant behavior represent the core features of psychopathy. In
children, callous and unemotional personality traits – the precursor of psychopathy in
adults – are associated with impairments in attention to the eyes. Based on these
findings, current etiological theories assume that a lack of the natural preference for
the eye region is a key factor in the development of psychopathy. Thus, it is crucial to
examine if reduced eye gaze is associated with high-psychopathic traits in adults,
since they are considered the long-term consequences of the attentional deficits.
Thus, we conducted three studies in different groups of male incarcerated offenders.
We used stationary or mobile eye tracking to record gaze patterns and to assess
attention to the eye region of facial images or eye contact during live social
interaction. This work contributes to the current state of research as well as to the
state of the art of eye-tracking methodology in clinical research. In our studies, we
implemented innovative gaze analytic methods and a new method for automated
instead of manual definition of the Areas of Interest (e.g., eye region) in the analysis
of mobile eye-tracking data. To summarize the three studies, gaze patterns of violent
offenders while categorizing facial images did not differ from healthy non-offenders
(Study I), whereas high-psychopathic offenders exhibited a clear and general
impairment in attention to the eyes when compared to low-psychopathic offenders
(Study II). Further, we provide first evidence that deficient eye gaze in highpsychopathic offenders extends to reduced eye contact during live social interaction
(Study III). These deficits were associated with the affective facet of psychopathy in
particular, which is described by callousness, a lack of empathy, shallow affect, a
lack of remorse and guilt and a failure to accept responsibility. Strengths and
limitations as well as future directions and implications of our findings are discussed
in detail. Future studies need to determine the potential use of eye gaze impairments
as additional, objective indicator for diagnosis and prognosis and their relevance as
treatment target.