Abstract:
Compact objects are of great interest for gravitational wave astronomy, which has celebrated historical successes in recent years. Among them are the first direct measurements of gravitational waves from merging black holes and neutron stars, as well as the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics. Using electromagnetic observations, the first image that resolves the close vicinity of a super massive black hole was presented to the world in 2019. The present thesis is about the gravitational wave spectrum of compact relativistic objects, mostly within general relativity. It combines several projects that focused on different aspects related to axial gravitational perturbations and test scalar fields in the background space-times of compact objects, such as neutron stars, black holes and various alternative ultra compact objects. Most of the work is on the inverse spectrum problem, where various properties of the source are constrained from a given spectrum. Projects on semi-classical and quantum aspects of black holes have been carried out as well, namely on Hawking radiation and black hole area quantization. In order to proceed with semi-analytic calculations, the focus is on spherically symmetric and static space-times, for which the full perturbation equations decouple from each other and some aspects of the full problem can be related to the time independent Schrödinger equation with an effective potential term. Seminal works were achieved by Regge and Wheeler in 1957, and Zerilli in 1970, for non-rotating black holes. Generalizations to rotating black holes, neutron stars and other compact objects have been carried out since then. To address the inverse spectrum problem, WKB theory is used as framework. Convenient relations to reconstruct properties of perturbation potentials from the spectrum have been derived. It is shown how they can be further used to reconstruct other properties, such as parts of the space-time and properties of the equation of state of neutron stars. The uniqueness of the reconstructed potentials using the WKB methods is possible in cases where the external space-time is known via Birkhoff's theorem, but not in general. It is demonstrated how these inverse methods can also be applied to constrain properties of the classical potentials from the spectrum of Hawking radiation. While observing it from astrophysical black holes in the foreseeable future is unlikely, the provided methods could be useful in the growing field of analogue gravity experiments, which deal with similar situations in laboratories. To study the question of the uniqueness of the quasi-normal mode spectrum of black holes in alternative theories of gravity, a project using parametrized space-times and test scalar fields has also been undertaken. Arising complications in the deduction of the underlying space-time are discussed. Finally, a study on the implications of black hole area quantization for spinning black holes in gravitational wave observations has been carried out. It is found that imprints of this quantum theory of black holes could still leave observable imprints for astrophysical black holes, which can be used to test area quantization itself.